{"id":16663,"date":"2025-02-03T22:15:53","date_gmt":"2025-02-03T22:15:53","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/africadailyreport.com\/2025\/02\/03\/the-role-of-minerals-and-tech-firms-in-the-dr-congo-conflict\/"},"modified":"2025-02-04T00:27:39","modified_gmt":"2025-02-04T00:27:39","slug":"the-role-of-minerals-and-tech-firms-in-the-dr-congo-conflict","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/africadailyreport.com\/fr\/2025\/02\/03\/the-role-of-minerals-and-tech-firms-in-the-dr-congo-conflict\/","title":{"rendered":"Est de la RDC: au-del\u00e0 des minerais, d’autres moteurs dans le conflit"},"content":{"rendered":"\n

Nairobi,\u00a0Kenya –<\/em><\/strong> Le contr\u00f4le des minerais strat\u00e9giques pour l’industrie \u00e9lectronique est souvent cit\u00e9 comme l’un des moteurs du conflit entre le groupe arm\u00e9 M23 soutenu par le Rwanda et la R\u00e9publique D\u00e9mocratique du Congo (RDC).\u00a0Mais il n’est pas le seul dans cette r\u00e9gion, l’une des plus instables au monde.<\/h2>\n\n\n\n
\"\"
A gold miner pans for gold in Koflatie, Mali, on October 28, 2014, a mine located a few miles from the border with its southwestern neighbour Guinea. Practiced for centuries, traditional gold panning has in recent years increased following the 2012 Tuareg rebellion, attracting many unemployed Malians to take to gold prospecting in the west of the country. Despite living conditions and hard labor, women and men are trying their luck in the Koflatie. AFP PHOTO \/ SEBASTIEN RIEUSSEC (Photo by Sebastien RIEUSSEC \/ AFP)<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n\n\n\n

La RDC – dont le gouvernement a perdu la semaine derni\u00e8re le contr\u00f4le de Goma, principale ville de l’est du pays, pass\u00e9e sous le contr\u00f4le du M23 – et le Rwanda fournissent ensemble environ la moiti\u00e9 du coltan mondial, un minerai essentiel \u00e0 la fabrication des t\u00e9l\u00e9phones et des ordinateurs portables.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Selon des experts des Nations unies et des organisations de d\u00e9fense des droits humains, le Rwanda fait sortir ill\u00e9galement d’\u00e9normes quantit\u00e9s du minerai strat\u00e9gique de l’est de la RDC, pour les vendre en son nom.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Avant Goma, le M23, r\u00e9apparu en 2021 dans la r\u00e9gion, avait notamment pris en avril le contr\u00f4le de Rubaya, ville mini\u00e8re o\u00f9 est produit environ 15% du coltan mondial, selon des experts de l’ONU. Le groupe arm\u00e9 tire chaque mois environ 800.000 dollars de la vente du minerai, estiment-ils.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Kigali nie exporter ill\u00e9galement des minerais de l’est de la RDC. Mais les analystes sont dubitatifs.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u00ab\u00a0Le Rwanda est toujours parmi les 10 plus grands exportateurs de coltan. Tout le monde sait que c’est impossible avec les r\u00e9serves qu’ils ont. Il est \u00e9vident que ce coltan provient de RDC\u00a0\u00bb, souligne Guillaume de Brier, sp\u00e9cialiste de la r\u00e9gion pour l’institut de recherche International Peace Information Service (IPIS).<\/p>\n\n\n\n

– Les Rwandais \u00ab\u00a0paient bien\u00a0\u00bb –<\/h2>\n\n\n\n

Pour les mineurs congolais, vendre au Rwanda permet d’\u00e9viter des formalit\u00e9s administratives et des taxes lourdes, poursuit M. de Brier. \u00ab\u00a0Ce sont des gens qui ne mangeront pas s’ils ne gagnent pas de l’argent dans la journ\u00e9e. Ils voient qu’il est bien plus avantageux de vendre aux Rwandais qui paient bien et en esp\u00e8ces\u00a0\u00bb, dit-il.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Parmi les multinationales accus\u00e9es de tirer profit des minerais extraits dans des zones de conflit, Apple avait initialement affirm\u00e9 qu’il n’y avait \u00ab\u00a0aucune base raisonnable pour conclure\u00a0\u00bb que ses produits en contenaient.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Mais apr\u00e8s le d\u00e9p\u00f4t d’une plainte p\u00e9nale contre lui en France et en Belgique au nom du gouvernement congolais, le g\u00e9ant de la tech a d\u00e9clar\u00e9 avoir ordonn\u00e9 \u00e0 ses fournisseurs de cesser de se fournir en minerais en RDC et au Rwanda.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u00ab\u00a0Apple a maintenant admis qu’ils ne peuvent pas distinguer la source des minerais\u00a0\u00bb, souligne Robert Amsterdam, l’avocat qui a lanc\u00e9 les poursuites, et estime que les gouvernements et entreprises occidentales portent une grande responsabilit\u00e9 dans les violences dans l’est de la RDC.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

La r\u00e9gion est secou\u00e9e par des conflits entre groupes arm\u00e9s depuis des d\u00e9cennies, exacerb\u00e9s apr\u00e8s le g\u00e9nocide des Tutsi au Rwanda en 1994, qui a fait 800.000 morts selon l’ONU.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Apr\u00e8s le g\u00e9nocide, les Tutsi sont revenus au pouvoir \u00e0 Kigali sous la houlette de Paul Kagame. Des Hutus ont fui de l’autre c\u00f4t\u00e9 de la fronti\u00e8re, dans l’est de la RDC, et se sont en partie regroup\u00e9s \u00e0 partir de 2000 au sein des Forces d\u00e9mocratiques de lib\u00e9ration du Rwanda (FDLR).<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Ces derni\u00e8res deviennent l’ennemi jur\u00e9 de Paul Kagame, qui les accuse de compter dans leurs rangs des responsables de ce massacre et de vouloir d\u00e9stabiliser le Rwanda.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

– Probl\u00e8mes fonciers et communautaires –<\/h2>\n\n\n\n

Pour Guillaume de Brier, le lucratif trafic de minerais n’est pas le moteur principal du conflit.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Les exportations de coltan du Rwanda ont d’ailleurs augment\u00e9 entre 2014 et 2018, lorsque le M23 \u00e9tait inactif, selon l’agence Ecofin.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Selon l’IPIS, les minerais ne sont qu’une partie du financement du M23, \u00e0 laquelle s’ajoutent de lourdes taxes sur les barrages routiers (69.500 dollars par mois environ), des imp\u00f4ts domestiques, du travail agricole forc\u00e9 et du trafic de bois et de charbon.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Au final, dans ces contr\u00e9es rurales, \u00ab\u00a0le v\u00e9ritable probl\u00e8me, c’est la propri\u00e9t\u00e9 des terres\u00a0\u00bb, et ses corollaires communautaires, assure M. de Brier.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Soutenu par le Rwanda, le M23, apparu \u00e0 l’origine comme un d\u00e9fenseur de la minorit\u00e9 tutsi longtemps marginalis\u00e9e en RDC, essaie \u00ab\u00a0de d\u00e9manteler les syst\u00e8mes traditionnels de gestion des terres contr\u00f4l\u00e9s par les chefs locaux\u00a0\u00bb, qui d\u00e9savantagent sa communaut\u00e9, note M. de Brier.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u00ab\u00a0Les mines ce n’est qu’un moyen\u00a0\u00bb, affirme de son c\u00f4t\u00e9 un diplomate sp\u00e9cialiste des Grands Lacs pour qui la manne tir\u00e9e des minerais n’est qu’un outil destin\u00e9 \u00e0 servir l’objectif principal du r\u00e9gime de Kigali: prot\u00e9ger les Tutsi de la r\u00e9gion face \u00e0 la menace FDLR.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Selon lui, Kagame\u00a0,<\/strong>\u00a0un ancien soldat,\u00a0\u00ab\u00a0va vouloir maintenir sa pr\u00e9sence dans les Kivu tant qu’on aura pas r\u00e9gl\u00e9 la question des FDLR\u00a0\u00bb. Avec Kigali, dit-il, \u00ab\u00a0on a affaire \u00e0 un r\u00e9gime militaire\u00a0\u00bb, une \u00ab\u00a0\u00e9lite qui a peur d’un autre g\u00e9nocide\u00a0\u00bb<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u00a9 Agence France-Presse<\/strong><\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

Nairobi,\u00a0Kenya – Le contr\u00f4le des minerais strat\u00e9giques pour l’industrie \u00e9lectronique est souvent cit\u00e9 comme l’un des moteurs du conflit entre le groupe arm\u00e9 M23 soutenu par le Rwanda et la R\u00e9publique D\u00e9mocratique du Congo (RDC).\u00a0Mais il n’est pas le seul dans cette r\u00e9gion, l’une des plus instables au monde. La RDC – dont le gouvernement […]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":10,"featured_media":14690,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_acf_changed":false,"om_disable_all_campaigns":false,"_monsterinsights_skip_tracking":false,"_monsterinsights_sitenote_active":false,"_monsterinsights_sitenote_note":"","_monsterinsights_sitenote_category":0,"tdm_status":"","tdm_grid_status":"","_jetpack_newsletter_access":"","_jetpack_dont_email_post_to_subs":false,"_jetpack_newsletter_tier_id":0,"_jetpack_memberships_contains_paywalled_content":false,"_jetpack_memberships_contains_paid_content":false,"footnotes":""},"categories":[850],"tags":[1074,1518,908,2645,1374,863,324],"adr_country":[1099,1097,1667],"class_list":{"0":"post-16663","1":"post","2":"type-post","3":"status-publish","4":"format-standard","5":"has-post-thumbnail","7":"category-analyses-et-dossiers-fr","8":"tag-conflict-fr","9":"tag-drcongo-fr","10":"tag-industrie-fr","11":"tag-minerais","12":"tag-mining-fr","13":"tag-rwanda-fr","14":"tag-technique","15":"adr_country-afrique","16":"adr_country-monde","17":"adr_country-rd-congo-fr"},"acf":{"post_version":""},"yoast_head":"\nEst de la RDC: au-del\u00e0 des minerais, d'autres moteurs dans le conflit - Africa Daily Report<\/title>\n<meta name=\"robots\" content=\"index, follow, max-snippet:-1, max-image-preview:large, max-video-preview:-1\" \/>\n<link rel=\"canonical\" href=\"https:\/\/africadailyreport.com\/fr\/2025\/02\/03\/the-role-of-minerals-and-tech-firms-in-the-dr-congo-conflict\/\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:locale\" content=\"fr_FR\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:type\" content=\"article\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:title\" content=\"Est de la RDC: au-del\u00e0 des minerais, d'autres moteurs dans le conflit\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:description\" content=\"Nairobi,\u00a0Kenya – Le contr\u00f4le des minerais strat\u00e9giques pour l’industrie \u00e9lectronique est souvent cit\u00e9 comme l’un des moteurs du conflit entre le groupe arm\u00e9 M23 soutenu par le Rwanda et la R\u00e9publique D\u00e9mocratique du Congo (RDC).\u00a0Mais il n’est pas le seul dans cette r\u00e9gion, l’une des plus instables au monde. 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