{"id":15790,"date":"2025-01-16T19:57:32","date_gmt":"2025-01-16T19:57:32","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/africadailyreport.com\/2025\/01\/16\/s-africa-rescuers-say-clearance-of-clandestine-miners-now-over\/"},"modified":"2025-01-16T20:04:02","modified_gmt":"2025-01-16T20:04:02","slug":"s-africa-rescuers-say-clearance-of-clandestine-miners-now-over","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/africadailyreport.com\/fr\/2025\/01\/16\/s-africa-rescuers-say-clearance-of-clandestine-miners-now-over\/","title":{"rendered":"Afrique du Sud: les mineurs clandestins grattent les miettes d’un \u00e2ge d’or lointain"},"content":{"rendered":"\n

Stilfontein,\u00a0Afrique du Sud –<\/em> <\/strong>Le sinistre puits aurif\u00e8re de Stilfontein, d’o\u00f9 ont \u00e9t\u00e9 extraits 78 corps de mineurs clandestins cette semaine en Afrique du Sud, n’est qu’un des 6.000 sites laiss\u00e9s \u00e0 l’abandon par des compagnies mini\u00e8res dans le pays.<\/h2>\n\n\n\n
\"\"
A rescuer retrieve an illegal miner during a rescue operation from an abandoned gold shaft in Stilfontein on January 14, 2025. More than two dozen illegal miners have been rescued and at least 15 bodies recovered from an abandoned gold mine in South Africa, as operations continued on January 14, 2025 to reach potentially dozens more people who have been underground for months. (Photo by Christian Velcich \/ AFP)<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n\n\n\n

<\/p>\n\n\n\n

La d\u00e9cadence du secteur a aliment\u00e9 l’\u00e9conomie informelle qui attire parmi les pays voisins. Zimbabw\u00e9ens et Mozambicains, mais aussi des gangs du Lesotho, s’enfoncent \u00e9quip\u00e9s d’outils rudimentaires dans l’obscurit\u00e9 de galeries pour gratter les derni\u00e8res paillettes d’un \u00e2ge d’or pass\u00e9.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Ph\u00e9nom\u00e8ne massif, les \u00ab\u00a0zama zamas\u00a0\u00bb – traduire \u00ab\u00a0ceux qui essaient\u00a0\u00bb en zoulou – \u00e9taient environ 30.000 en 2015, d’apr\u00e8s un rare rapport des autorit\u00e9s sud-africaines.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

– Secteur minier effondr\u00e9 –<\/h2>\n\n\n\n

Si les mineurs artisanaux sont communs sur le continent, la particularit\u00e9 de l’Afrique du Sud est qu’ils y investissent d’anciens sites d’\u00e9chelle industrielle d\u00e9sormais ferm\u00e9s faute de rentabilit\u00e9. Cela explique qu’ils aient \u00e9t\u00e9 pr\u00e8s de 2.000 \u00e0 refaire surface depuis ao\u00fbt \u00e0 Stilfontein, situ\u00e9 \u00e0 environ 150 km au sud-ouest de Johannesburg.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Comptant jadis pour 21% du PIB sud-africain en 1980, selon le d\u00e9partement national des statistiques, l’exploitation mini\u00e8re n’en repr\u00e9sentait plus que 6,2% en 2023, d’apr\u00e8s l’organisation patronale du secteur.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Le Witwatersrand, cha\u00eene de collines pioch\u00e9e par les orpailleurs de Stilfontein, a \u00e9t\u00e9 le si\u00e8ge d’une insens\u00e9e ru\u00e9e vers l’or au XIXe si\u00e8cle. Ce qui a valu \u00e0 Johannesburg son surnom d’eGoli, \u00ab\u00a0la cit\u00e9 de l’or\u00a0\u00bb en zoulou.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Mais l’Afrique du Sud, premier producteur mondial du m\u00e9tal jaune jusqu’en 2007, a d\u00e9gringol\u00e9 au onzi\u00e8me rang en 2022, indique l’Institut d’\u00e9tudes g\u00e9ologiques des \u00c9tats-Unis.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

– Savoir-faire zimbabw\u00e9en et mozambicain –<\/h2>\n\n\n\n

Pr\u00e8s de 60% des \u00ab\u00a0zama zamas\u00a0\u00bb ressortis du site de Stilfontein \u00e9taient Mozambicains.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u00ab\u00a0La plupart des Sud-Africains ont un emploi ou b\u00e9n\u00e9ficient de subventions publiques. Ils n’ont pas besoin de travailler dans le secteur minier informel\u00a0\u00bb, explique Robert Thornton, professeur d’anthropologie \u00e0 l’universit\u00e9 du Witwatersrand.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

La faible concentration en or du sol du Witwatersrand rend la t\u00e2che aussi ingrate que peu juteuse. \u00ab\u00a0Vous n’obtenez que 7 \u00e0 15 grammes d’or par tonne\u00a0\u00bb, d\u00e9taille M. Thornton, auteur de plusieurs travaux sur ces mineurs qu’il a suivi dans les galeries.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u00ab\u00a0Ils doivent avoir un bon \u0153il et ne remontent que les roches contenant le plus d’or\u00a0\u00bb, pr\u00e9cise-t-il. D’o\u00f9 la forte proportion de mineurs du Mozambique, o\u00f9 le secteur artisanal est tr\u00e8s d\u00e9velopp\u00e9. Comme au Zimbabwe, o\u00f9 il est m\u00eame possible de revendre son or \u00e0 l\u2019\u00c9tat.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Cons\u00e9quence de la faible concentration: \u00ab\u00a0ils remontent avec 40 \u00e0 50 kg de roche\u00a0\u00bb, selon Robert Thornton.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

– Longs s\u00e9jours souterrains –<\/h2>\n\n\n\n

Un \u00ab\u00a0zama zama\u00a0\u00bb remont\u00e9 de Stilfontein mi-novembre, Ayanda Ndabeni, a expliqu\u00e9 \u00e0 l’AFP \u00eatre rest\u00e9 \u00ab\u00a0seulement deux mois\u00a0\u00bb sous terre, assurant que certains pouvaient s\u00e9journer \u00ab\u00a0jusqu’\u00e0 un an\u00a0\u00bb dans les galeries.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Des dur\u00e9es particuli\u00e8rement longues li\u00e9es \u00e0 la difficult\u00e9 d’acc\u00e8s au puits num\u00e9ro 11, profond de 2,6 kilom\u00e8tres.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Sur ce type de site, des vivres sont descendus dans les galeries, souvent par les bouches d’a\u00e9ration, a d\u00e9crit le journaliste sud-africain Kimon de Greef, auteur de plusieurs enqu\u00eates.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u00ab\u00a0D’ordinaire, ils restent sous terre pendant deux semaines, mais rarement plus\u00a0\u00bb, assure Robert Thornton.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

– L’ombre du crime organis\u00e9 –<\/h2>\n\n\n\n

L’Initiative mondiale contre le crime organis\u00e9 transnational (GI-TOC), une ONG bas\u00e9e \u00e0 Gen\u00e8ve (Suisse), d\u00e9crit de \u00ab\u00a0violentes guerres de gangs et de territoires\u00a0\u00bb dans un rapport de 2021 sur les march\u00e9s illicites de l’or en Afrique de l’Est et australe.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u00ab\u00a0Les gangs du Lesotho volent l’or des travailleurs souterrains\u00a0\u00bb, affirme Robert Thornton. \u00ab\u00a0Il n’y a aucune activit\u00e9 mini\u00e8re au Lesotho, ils n’ont donc aucune exp\u00e9rience en la mati\u00e8re.\u00a0\u00bb<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Mais contrairement \u00e0 un discours fr\u00e9quent en Afrique du Sud, il est inexact de r\u00e9sumer le ph\u00e9nom\u00e8ne aux \u00e9trangers.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Autour de Barberton, pr\u00e8s de l’eSwatini (nord-est), l’anthropologue d\u00e9crit une \u00ab\u00a0sorte de territoire ind\u00e9pendant de l’or\u00a0\u00bb o\u00f9 les filons de quartz aurif\u00e8re rec\u00e8lent d’\u00e9paisses p\u00e9pites. \u00ab\u00a0Ils se prot\u00e8gent avec des armes et des milices. Mais ils sont pour la plupart swazis et sud-africains.\u00a0\u00bb<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Enfin le r\u00f4le des revendeurs d’or ayant pignon sur rue est d\u00e9terminant. \u00ab\u00a0Le manque de transparence et de r\u00e9glementation (…) a facilit\u00e9 non seulement le blanchiment d’or, mais aussi la fraude \u00e0 la TVA\u00a0\u00bb, observe la GI-TOC, la revente d’or d’occasion en \u00e9tant exempte.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u00ab\u00a0Une fois blanchi, l’or est export\u00e9 ou pass\u00e9 en contrebande hors du pays\u00a0\u00bb, \u00e9claire l’ONG, \u00ab\u00a0principalement vers les \u00c9mirats arabes unis et, dans une bien moindre mesure, vers l’Inde et la Chine.\u00a0\u00bb<\/p>\n\n\n\n

<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u00a9 Agence France-Presse<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

Stilfontein,\u00a0Afrique du Sud – Le sinistre puits aurif\u00e8re de Stilfontein, d’o\u00f9 ont \u00e9t\u00e9 extraits 78 corps de mineurs clandestins cette semaine en Afrique du Sud, n’est qu’un des 6.000 sites laiss\u00e9s \u00e0 l’abandon par des compagnies mini\u00e8res dans le pays. La d\u00e9cadence du secteur a aliment\u00e9 l’\u00e9conomie informelle qui attire parmi les pays voisins. Zimbabw\u00e9ens […]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":10,"featured_media":15788,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_acf_changed":false,"om_disable_all_campaigns":false,"_monsterinsights_skip_tracking":false,"_monsterinsights_sitenote_active":false,"_monsterinsights_sitenote_note":"","_monsterinsights_sitenote_category":0,"tdm_status":"","tdm_grid_status":"","_jetpack_newsletter_access":"","_jetpack_dont_email_post_to_subs":false,"_jetpack_newsletter_tier_id":0,"_jetpack_memberships_contains_paywalled_content":false,"_jetpack_memberships_contains_paid_content":false,"footnotes":""},"categories":[293,800,1864,877,822,1241],"tags":[1419,1377,2454,1013,2036,819,1378,2455],"adr_country":[1213],"class_list":{"0":"post-15790","1":"post","2":"type-post","3":"status-publish","4":"format-standard","5":"has-post-thumbnail","7":"category-actualites-fr","8":"category-economie-fr","9":"category-economy-fr","10":"category-environnement","11":"category-finance-fr","12":"category-lead-2-fr","13":"tag-afrique-du-sud","14":"tag-afsud","15":"tag-criminalite","16":"tag-immigration-fr","17":"tag-metaux-2","18":"tag-mines-fr","19":"tag-or-2","20":"tag-pauvrete-2","21":"adr_country-afrique-du-sud"},"acf":{"post_version":""},"yoast_head":"\nAfrique du Sud: les mineurs clandestins grattent les miettes d'un \u00e2ge d'or lointain - Africa Daily Report<\/title>\n<meta name=\"robots\" content=\"index, follow, max-snippet:-1, max-image-preview:large, max-video-preview:-1\" \/>\n<link rel=\"canonical\" href=\"https:\/\/africadailyreport.com\/fr\/2025\/01\/16\/s-africa-rescuers-say-clearance-of-clandestine-miners-now-over\/\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:locale\" content=\"fr_FR\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:type\" content=\"article\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:title\" content=\"Afrique du Sud: les mineurs clandestins grattent les miettes d'un \u00e2ge d'or lointain\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:description\" content=\"Stilfontein,\u00a0Afrique du Sud – Le sinistre puits aurif\u00e8re de Stilfontein, d’o\u00f9 ont \u00e9t\u00e9 extraits 78 corps de mineurs clandestins cette semaine en Afrique du Sud, n’est qu’un des 6.000 sites laiss\u00e9s \u00e0 l’abandon par des compagnies mini\u00e8res dans le pays. 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