{"id":13033,"date":"2024-10-19T03:30:53","date_gmt":"2024-10-19T03:30:53","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/africadailyreport.com\/2024\/10\/19\/le-petrole-russe-afflue-malgre-les-risques-ecologiques\/"},"modified":"2024-10-27T13:34:31","modified_gmt":"2024-10-27T13:34:31","slug":"le-petrole-russe-afflue-malgre-les-risques-ecologiques","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/africadailyreport.com\/fr\/2024\/10\/19\/le-petrole-russe-afflue-malgre-les-risques-ecologiques\/","title":{"rendered":"Le p\u00e9trole russe afflue malgr\u00e9 les risques \u00e9cologiques"},"content":{"rendered":"\n
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\u00a9 AFP<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n\n\n\n

R\u00e9sum\u00e9<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Face aux sanctions occidentales, la Russie contourne les restrictions gr\u00e2ce \u00e0 des flottes de p\u00e9troliers vieillissants, souvent immatricul\u00e9s sous des pavillons africains. Ces \u00ab flottes fant\u00f4mes \u00bb utilisent des failles dans les syst\u00e8mes de r\u00e9gulation maritime pour exporter du p\u00e9trole, avec le soutien de traders bas\u00e9s \u00e0 Duba\u00ef. L’Afrique, tout en b\u00e9n\u00e9ficiant des prix comp\u00e9titifs du p\u00e9trole russe, est expos\u00e9e \u00e0 des risques \u00e9cologiques et financiers. Parall\u00e8lement, des acteurs africains du trading cherchent \u00e0 rivaliser avec les g\u00e9ants mondiaux dans un contexte de transition \u00e9nerg\u00e9tique.<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\n\n\n\n

Moscou \u2013<\/strong> Depuis l’imposition des sanctions occidentales, la Russie a mis en place un r\u00e9seau complexe de p\u00e9troliers vieillissants, souvent sous pavillon africain, pour maintenir ses exportations de p\u00e9trole. Surnomm\u00e9es \u00ab flottes fant\u00f4mes \u00bb, ces embarcations circulent sans assurance ad\u00e9quate, transportant des millions de barils au-dessus du prix plafond impos\u00e9 par les pays du G7.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Les navires, en grande partie obsol\u00e8tes, changent fr\u00e9quemment de pavillon entre des pays comme le Gabon et le Liberia. Ces registres dits \u00ab ouverts \u00bb offrent une flexibilit\u00e9 pour \u00e9chapper aux sanctions, \u00e0 un co\u00fbt minimal pour les propri\u00e9taires de ces flottes. Ce syst\u00e8me rappelle des pratiques utilis\u00e9es par l’Iran et le Venezuela pour contourner des sanctions similaires dans le pass\u00e9.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Pavillons de complaisance et dissimulation maritime<\/h3>\n\n\n\n

Le recours aux pavillons de complaisance a permis \u00e0 la Russie de continuer ses exportations malgr\u00e9 les restrictions s\u00e9v\u00e8res des \u00c9tats-Unis et de l’Union europ\u00e9enne. Selon Windward AI, 87 navires ont chang\u00e9 de pavillon entre 2023 et 2024, se r\u00e9immatriculant principalement dans des pays africains offrant des registres maritimes flexibles. Ce dispositif permet \u00e0 Moscou d\u2019\u00e9chapper \u00e0 des r\u00e9gulations strictes tout en r\u00e9duisant les co\u00fbts d\u2019exploitation.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Des pays comme le Gabon, dont le registre maritime est g\u00e9r\u00e9 par des entreprises bas\u00e9es \u00e0 Duba\u00ef, facilitent l’immatriculation des navires russes. Cette strat\u00e9gie permet aux navires vieillissants de contourner les sanctions, tout en continuant \u00e0 transporter des ressources strat\u00e9giques vers des march\u00e9s mondiaux.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Duba\u00ef, plaque tournante des traders russes<\/h3>\n\n\n\n

Le r\u00f4le des traders bas\u00e9s \u00e0 Duba\u00ef dans ce r\u00e9seau ne peut \u00eatre sous-estim\u00e9. Depuis que les sanctions du G7 limitent l’utilisation de financements occidentaux, Duba\u00ef est devenue un hub cl\u00e9 pour les transactions p\u00e9troli\u00e8res russes. Ces traders, souvent sous des structures opaques, facilitent l’\u00e9coulement du p\u00e9trole, parfois en contournant les syst\u00e8mes de paiement traditionnels.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Selon l\u2019organisation Public Eye, plus de la moiti\u00e9 des exportations p\u00e9troli\u00e8res russes est d\u00e9sormais g\u00e9r\u00e9e par ces n\u00e9gociants bas\u00e9s dans la zone franche de Duba\u00ef. Leurs transactions \u00e9chappent aux restrictions occidentales et impliquent souvent des paiements en esp\u00e8ces ou en or, compliquant ainsi la tra\u00e7abilit\u00e9.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

L\u2019Afrique, un march\u00e9 en plein essor pour le p\u00e9trole russe<\/h3>\n\n\n\n

L\u2019Afrique est rapidement devenue un march\u00e9 cl\u00e9 pour le p\u00e9trole russe. Entre 2022 et 2023, les exportations russes vers le continent ont quadrupl\u00e9, passant \u00e0 400 000 barils par jour, selon l’Agence internationale de l’\u00e9nergie (AIE). Des pays comme le Nigeria, la Tunisie et le S\u00e9n\u00e9gal profitent des prix comp\u00e9titifs, le p\u00e9trole russe \u00e9tant vendu jusqu\u2019\u00e0 15 % en dessous des prix mondiaux.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Cette hausse des importations africaines s’explique par une combinaison de facteurs \u00e9conomiques et politiques. Les \u00c9tats africains, pour la plupart, ne se sentent pas contraints par les sanctions occidentales et profitent des r\u00e9ductions offertes par les traders russes. Cependant, cette augmentation des flux expose l’Afrique \u00e0 des risques accrus, notamment en mati\u00e8re de s\u00e9curit\u00e9 environnementale.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Risques \u00e9cologiques et r\u00e9actions africaines<\/h3>\n\n\n\n

L\u2019utilisation de flottes non assur\u00e9es soul\u00e8ve des pr\u00e9occupations. Si un accident majeur devait survenir, l’absence d’assurance mettrait \u00e0 rude \u00e9preuve les capacit\u00e9s des gouvernements \u00e0 r\u00e9agir \u00e0 une catastrophe \u00e9cologique. En r\u00e9ponse, certains pays africains, comme le Cameroun, ont commenc\u00e9 \u00e0 renforcer les contr\u00f4les. Yaound\u00e9 a suspendu l\u2019immatriculation de navires russes pendant six mois, esp\u00e9rant ainsi limiter les risques. D’autres initiatives incluent la num\u00e9risation des registres maritimes pour am\u00e9liorer la tra\u00e7abilit\u00e9 des navires.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Les traders africains face aux g\u00e9ants du n\u00e9goce international<\/h3>\n\n\n\n

En parall\u00e8le, des traders africains tentent de se positionner sur le march\u00e9 du p\u00e9trole, mais se heurtent aux g\u00e9ants mondiaux comme Vitol, Glencore et Trafigura. Ces grandes maisons de n\u00e9goce, souvent bas\u00e9es en Suisse, dominent le march\u00e9 gr\u00e2ce \u00e0 des lignes de cr\u00e9dit substantielles et des r\u00e9seaux bien \u00e9tablis. En Afrique, la mont\u00e9e des traders locaux reste frein\u00e9e par des taux d\u2019int\u00e9r\u00eat \u00e9lev\u00e9s et un acc\u00e8s limit\u00e9 au financement.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Les traders africains, bien que techniquement qualifi\u00e9s, peinent \u00e0 rivaliser avec leurs homologues internationaux. Des initiatives visant \u00e0 soutenir les traders locaux ont \u00e9t\u00e9 propos\u00e9es, mais l’absence de financement accessible et le manque de soutien gouvernemental rendent cette t\u00e2che ardue. Pour Jean-Pierre Favennec, sp\u00e9cialiste de la g\u00e9opolitique de l\u2019\u00e9nergie, \u00ab la volont\u00e9 politique est indispensable pour faire \u00e9merger des champions africains dans le domaine du n\u00e9goce p\u00e9trolier \u00bb.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Transition \u00e9nerg\u00e9tique et impact \u00e0 long terme<\/h3>\n\n\n\n

En parall\u00e8le, le secteur du transport maritime subit une transformation avec l\u2019objectif de z\u00e9ro \u00e9mission carbone d’ici 2050. Des entreprises comme CMA CGM, bas\u00e9es en France, investissent massivement dans des technologies \u00e0 faibles \u00e9missions. Cependant, cette transition risque de bouleverser l’industrie mondiale du p\u00e9trole et, par extension, le commerce en Afrique.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Des navires de nouvelle g\u00e9n\u00e9ration, fonctionnant au GNL ou au biom\u00e9thanol, sont d\u00e9j\u00e0 en construction. Le secteur maritime africain pourrait \u00eatre directement affect\u00e9 par ces changements, notamment en mati\u00e8re de co\u00fbts d’exploitation et de logistique. En outre, le renforcement des r\u00e9gulations environnementales par l’Organisation maritime internationale (OMI) pourrait imposer des contraintes suppl\u00e9mentaires aux navires vieillissants utilis\u00e9s dans le cadre des flottes fant\u00f4mes russes.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u00a9 Odon Bulamba \/ ADR<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

R\u00e9sum\u00e9 Face aux sanctions occidentales, la Russie contourne les restrictions gr\u00e2ce \u00e0 des flottes de p\u00e9troliers vieillissants, souvent immatricul\u00e9s sous des pavillons africains. Ces \u00ab flottes fant\u00f4mes \u00bb utilisent des failles dans les syst\u00e8mes de r\u00e9gulation maritime pour exporter du p\u00e9trole, avec le soutien de traders bas\u00e9s \u00e0 Duba\u00ef. L’Afrique, tout en b\u00e9n\u00e9ficiant des prix […]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":10,"featured_media":12417,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_acf_changed":false,"om_disable_all_campaigns":false,"_monsterinsights_skip_tracking":false,"_monsterinsights_sitenote_active":false,"_monsterinsights_sitenote_note":"","_monsterinsights_sitenote_category":0,"tdm_status":"","tdm_grid_status":"","_jetpack_newsletter_access":"","_jetpack_dont_email_post_to_subs":false,"_jetpack_newsletter_tier_id":0,"_jetpack_memberships_contains_paywalled_content":false,"_jetpack_memberships_contains_paid_content":false,"footnotes":""},"categories":[800,822],"tags":[823,824,825,826,827,828,829],"adr_country":[1099],"class_list":{"0":"post-13033","1":"post","2":"type-post","3":"status-publish","4":"format-standard","5":"has-post-thumbnail","7":"category-economie-fr","8":"category-finance-fr","9":"tag-afrique-fr","10":"tag-dubai-fr","11":"tag-exportations-russes-vers-lafrique-fr","12":"tag-flottes-fantomes-petrole-afrique-fr","13":"tag-pavillons-de-complaisance-russes-fr","14":"tag-sanctions-g7-petrole-russe-fr","15":"tag-traders-petroliers-dubai-fr","16":"adr_country-afrique"},"acf":{"post_version":""},"yoast_head":"\nLe p\u00e9trole russe afflue malgr\u00e9 les risques \u00e9cologiques - Africa Daily Report<\/title>\n<meta name=\"robots\" content=\"index, follow, max-snippet:-1, max-image-preview:large, max-video-preview:-1\" \/>\n<link rel=\"canonical\" href=\"https:\/\/africadailyreport.com\/fr\/2024\/10\/19\/le-petrole-russe-afflue-malgre-les-risques-ecologiques\/\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:locale\" content=\"fr_FR\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:type\" content=\"article\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:title\" content=\"Le p\u00e9trole russe afflue malgr\u00e9 les risques \u00e9cologiques\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:description\" content=\"R\u00e9sum\u00e9 Face aux sanctions occidentales, la Russie contourne les restrictions gr\u00e2ce \u00e0 des flottes de p\u00e9troliers vieillissants, souvent immatricul\u00e9s sous des pavillons africains. 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